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Translation glossary: AN AGRICULTURAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGY ANNOTATED DICTIONARY

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Incomplete dominanceA condition where a heterozygous off- spring has a phenotype that is distinctly different from, and intermediate to, the parental phenotypes 
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Initiation codonThe mRNA sequence AUG, coding for methionine, which initiates translation of mRNA. 
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Inositol lipidA membrane-anchored phospholipid that transduces hormonal signals by stimulating the release of any of several chemical messengers 
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Insertion mutationsChanges in the base sequence of a DNA molecule resulting from the random integration of DNA from another source 
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InsulinA peptide hormone secreted by the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas that regulates the level of sugar in the blood. 
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InterferonA family of small proteins that stimulate viral resistance in cells. 
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Intergenic regionsDNA sequences located between genes that comprise a large percentage of the human genome with no known function. 
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IntrogressionBackcrossing of hybrids of two plant populations to introduce new genes into a wild population. 
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IntronA noncoding DNA sequence within a gene that is initially transcribed into messenger RNA but is later snipped out 
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InvasivenessAbility of a plant to spread beyond its introduction site and become established in new locations where it may provide a deliterious effect on organis 
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IonA charged particle. 
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IsotopeOne of two or more forms of an element that have the same number of protons (atomic number) but differing numbers of neutrons (mass numbers) 
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Joining (J) segmentA small DNA segment that links genes to yield a functional gene encoding an immunogobulin. 
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KanamycinAn antibiotic of the aminoglycoside family that poisons translation by binding to the ribosomes. 
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kanrKanamycin resistance gene 
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KaryotypeAll of the chromosomes in a cell or an individual organism, visible through a microsope during cell division. 
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Lag phaseThe initial growth phase, during which cell number remains relatively constant prior to rapid growth 
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LawnA uniform and uninterrupted laver of bacterial growth, in which individual colonies cannot be observed. 
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LegumeA member of the pea family that possesses root nodules containing nitrogen-fixing bacteria. 
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LibraryA collection of cells, usually bacteria or yeast, that have been transformed with recombinant vectors carrying DNA inserts from a single species 
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Ligase (DNA ligase)An enzyme that catalyzes a condensation reaction that links two DNA molecules via the formation of a phosphodiester bond between the 3\' hydroxyl and 
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LigateThe process of joining two or more DNA fragments. 
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LineageA chart that traces the flow of genetic information from generation to generation. 
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LinkageThe frequency of coinheritance of a pair of genes and/or genetic markers, which provides a measure of their physical proximity to one another on a chr 
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Linkage mapSee Genetic linkage map. 
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Linked genes/markersGenes and/or markers that are so closely associated on the chromosome that they are coinherited in 80% or more of cases. 
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LinkerA short, double-stranded oligonucleotide containing a restriction endonuclease recognition site, which is ligated to the ends of a DNA fragment. 
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LiposomesMembrane-bound vesicles constructed in the laboratory to transport biological molecules. 
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Locus (plural = loci)A specific location or site on a chromosome. 
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Log phaseSee Logarithmic phase. 
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Logarithmic phase (log or exponential growth phase)The steepest slope of the growth curve--the phase of vigorous growth during which cell number doubles every 20-30 minutes 
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LysisThe destruction of the cell membrane. 
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LysogenA bacterial cell whose chromosome contains in- tegrated viral DNA 
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LysogenicA type or phase of the virus life cycle during which the virus integrates into the host chromosome of the infected cell, often remaining essentially d 
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LyticA phase of the virus life cycle during which the vi- rus replicates within the host cell, releasing a new generation of viruses when the infected cell 
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MalignantHaving the properties of cancerous growth. 
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MappingDetermining the physical location of a gene or genetic marker on a chromosome 
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Megabase cloningThe cloning of very large DNA fragments 
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MeiosisThe reduction division process by which haploid gametes and spores are formed, consisting of a single duplication of the genetic material followed by 
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Messenger RNA (mRNA)The class of RNA molecules that copies the genetic information from DNA, in the nucleus, and carries it to ribosomes, in the cytoplasm, where it is tr 
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MetabolismThe biochemical processes that sustain a living cell or organism. 
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MetallothioneinA protective protein that binds heavy metals, such as cadmium and lead. 
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MicrobeA microorganism. 
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Microbial mats (biofilms)Layered groups or communities of microbial populations. 
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MicroinjectionA means to introduce a solution of DNA, protein, or other soluble material into a cell using a fine microcapillary pipet. 
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MitosisThe replication of a cell to form two daughter cells with identical sets of chromosomes. 
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Molecular biologyThe study of the biochemical and mo- lecular interactions within living cells. 
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Molecular cloningThe biological amplification of a specific DNA sequence through mitotic division of a host cell into which it has been transformed or transfected 
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Molecular geneticsThe study of the flow and regulation of genetic information between DNA, RNA, and protein molecules. 
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Monoclonal antibodiesImmunoglobulin molecules of single- epitope specificity that are secreted by a clone of B cells. 
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