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Spanish to English: Personalization in Chilean Political Campaigns General field: Social Sciences Detailed field: Government / Politics
Source text - Spanish Luego de la derrota del general Pinochet en un plebiscite en octubre de 1988, en el que pretendía extender su mandato por 8 años más, se inició un proceso de transición que posibilitó elecciones tanto de presidente como de parlamento, las que se efectuaron el 14 de diciembre de 1989. Ese día el país volvió a elegir su mandatario por primera vez desde 1970.
Para la elección presidencial, la coalición de 16 partidos que se había enfrentado al general Pinochet logró mantenerse unida (la Concertación de Partidos por la Democracia) y presentar un solo candidato presidencial, Patricio Aylwin, un antiguo líder demócrata cristiano y quien además había sido el vocero de la coalición durante la campaña del plebiscito. Dado el amplio triunfo del “no” en dicho proceso, había muy pocas dudas de que él ganaría la elección. Esta coalición representaba un drástico cambio con el pasado político anterior al gobierno militar. Por primera vez el más importante partido de centro en los últimos 30 años, la Democracia Cristiana, se aliaba con el socialismo chileno en una coalición de gobierno, rompiéndose así la hegemonía del eje tradicional de la izquierda chilena entre comunistas y socialistas. Cabe señalar que el partido comunista de todas maneras apoyó este proceso al no levantar una candidatura presidencial alternativa.
Por su parte los partidos de derecha, que en mayor o menor medida habían apoyado o participado del gobierno militar, tuvieron desde el comienzo dificultades para aunar sus opciones, primero para elegir un candidato único, el que finalmente fue el ex ministro de Hacienda del General Pinochet, el joven economista Henan Büchi, y luego y sobre todo para establecer una solo lista de candidatos parlamentarios.
A estos dos candidatos se sumó una tercera opción, representada por un ambicioso empresario y banquero, Francisco Javier Errázuriz, quien con el apoyo de su fortuna personal y con un discurso populista organizo un partido político e intento levantar una opción de centro entre el candidato de la derecha y el líder de la oposición unida. La esperanza era capitalizar el descontento de quienes estaban en contra del gobierno militar, pero que al mismo tiempo no aceptaban una alianza entre el centro y la izquierda que había apoyado el gobierno de Allende, el derrocado presidente el 11 de septiembre de 1973.
Finalmente no hubo sorpresas y Aylwin ganó en primera vuelta con un 55.17% de los votos válidos y con la más alta participación ciudadana en un proceso de este tipo en la historia de Chile. Tal vez la mayor sorpresa fue que el candidato continuista Büchi no logró llegar al 30%, obteniendo el 29.4% de los votos.
Translation - English Following Augusto Pinochet's defeat in a plebiscite in October 1988, in which he had intended to remain in power for a further 8 years, a period of transition was initiated that paved the way for both Presidential and Parliamentary elections. These were held on the 14th December 1989. This day marked the first time that the country had held an election for its head of state since 1970.
The coalition of 16 parties that had opposed general Pinochet managed to find unity under the banner Concertación de Partidos por la Democracia (Concert of Parties for Democracy). For the presidential elections in 1989 they put forward a single presidential candidate, Patricio Aylwin, a long-standing Christian Democrat leader who had also been the coalition spokesperson during the plebiscite campaign. Given the broad success of the "no" campaign, few doubted that Aylwin would go on to win the election. The Coalition represented a radical departure from the outdated political style prior to the military government. For the first time, the largest party of the centre in the last 30 years, the Christian Democrats, joined forces with Chilean socialists in a government coalition, thus breaking with the dominance of traditional Chilean left-wing ideology between the communists and the socialists. It should be noted that the Communist Party actually supported this shift, by not presenting an alternative presidential candidate.
Right-wing parties, who had either supported, or participated in, the military government to a greater or lesser extent, had difficulties in establishing a unified candidature; firstly in choosing a single candidate (finally General Pinochet's ex-Treasury minister, the young economist Henan Büchi, was put forward); and above all in establishing a single list of parliamentary candidates.
Aylwin and Büchi were joined by a third candidate, a prominent businessman and banker, Francisco Javier Errázuriz, who, aided by his personal fortune and a populist rhetoric, organized a political party, and tried to present himself as a centrist alternative between the left-wing candidacy and the leader of the united opposition. Errázuriz aspired to capitalize on the discontent felt by those opposed to the military government, but also refused to accept any possibility of an alliance between the centre and the left which had supported Allende (the socialist President deposed on 11th September 1973).
In the end, there were few surprises and Aylwin succeeded in winning 55.17% of the ballots cast in the first round, with the highest voter turnout in the history of Chilean elections. Perhaps most surprising of all, was that Büchi, the candidate representing 'continuity', failed to achieve even 30% of the votes cast, obtaining only 29.4%.
Spanish to English: PANORAMA: Chilean Agriculture Overview 2012 General field: Other Detailed field: Agriculture
Source text - Spanish El mundo actual también ha ido mostrando signos de creciente complejidad, lo que nos ha obligado a desplegar esfuerzos permanentes por mantenernos vigentes, tanto política como económicamente, en las dinámicas redes por las que se interconectan las relaciones internacionales actuales.
Es así como nuestro país -un pequeño territorio en el hemisferio sur, alejado de los principales circuitos económicos mundiales- ha ido construyendo una sociedad de creciente estabilidad social y política, obteniendo reconocimiento por la calidad de los productos y servicios que ofrecemos al mundo, y por la seriedad de nuestro sector empresarial productivo y exportador.
Sin embargo, hoy estamos inmersos en un escenario global particularmente difícil y competitivo, lo que nos obliga a modernizarnos para hacer frente a mercados domésticos y externos cada vez más exigentes, sin dejar de lado el respeto por el trabajador, el cuidado del medio ambiente y las preferencias por ciertas bondades de los productos alimentarios, requisitos exigidos en los principales mercados mundiales, tanto por consumidores directos como por industrias procesadoras.
The Chilean economy in general and the agricultural sector in particular have maintained a constant process of modernization and progress since the 1980s. This has resulted in the successful diversification of our agriculture, as well as the integration and positioning of our products in international markets.
The world today has also shown signs of becoming increasingly complex, compelling us to work tirelessly, both politically and economically, to keep up-to-date with the dynamic networks that interconnect within current international relations.
As a small territory lying in the southern hemisphere, far from the major global economic circuits, Chile has been building a society of growing social and political stability, gaining international recognition for the quality of its products and services abroad, and for the rigorous nature of our products and exports business sector.
Today, however, we are immersed in a particularly difficult global and competitive setting, which obliges us to modernize in order to cope with ever more demanding domestic and external markets; as a result, we continue to promote respect for the worker, environmental care, and preferences for particular qualities in food products, such as is required by the major worldwide markets, not only by consumers directly, but also by processing industries.

Esto va de la mano con el rápido avance científico y tecnológico, junto con la incertidumbre e inestabilidad en materia de precios de los alimentos y de energía que se proyectan para el corto y mediano plazo. Esto plantea a nuestros productores, exportadores e industriales vinculados al agro, nuevos desafíos y mayores exigencias para mantener y mejorar su nivel de competitividad y su capacidad de agregar valor a los productos.
Frente a este panorama, estamos conscientes de la gran tarea, pero también del enorme potencial que nuestro sector agropecuario y forestal posee para seguir expandiéndose, lo que nos ha llevado a asumir el compromiso gubernamental de trabajar en aras de que Chile se transforme en un reconocido líder mundial en exportaciones de alimentos inocuos y de calidad.
Esto nos exige trabajo conjunto con el sector privado, así como dedicación para permitir y facilitar a los productores e industrias agrícolas hacer frente a los cambios y demandas que se manifiestan en los mercados interno y externo.
ORIENTACIONES DE LA POLÍTICA AGRÍCOLA
Desde el Ministerio de Agricultura, estamos impulsando y aplicando una política agrícola sustentada en lineamientos estratégicos que incorporan los aspectos de preocupación a que hacíamos mención. Estos lineamientos son: competitividad, investigación e innovación, sostenibilidad, transparencia de mercados, modernización institucional y relaciones interministeriales para el mundo rural.
Participar en la búsqueda de mayores niveles de competitividad dentro del sector es nuestro compromiso basal para no disminuir el ritmo de desarrollo que ha venido teniendo, acercándonos cada día más a la materialización de la propuesta de convertir a Chile en una potencia exportadora agroalimentaria y forestal. Para alcanzar este objetivo, estamos abordando todas las áreas que -directa o indirectamente- influyen en el desarrollo de la agricultura chilena.
Entre las principales acciones podemos destacar los especiales esfuerzos desplegados en el fomento al riego y drenaje. Sin duda el agua no sólo es uno de los principales insumos de la agricultura, sino también una de nuestras preocupaciones fundamentales, tomando en cuenta los escenarios de creciente escasez que se avizoran para nuestro país, según los pronósticos vinculados al cambio climático.
Del mismo modo, para un sector como la agricultura, que por sus características depende significativamente de capital inicial para enfrentar los ciclos de sus procesos productivos, el acceso y creación de nuevas líneas de financiamiento para nuestros agricultores nos ha encaminado a explorar nuevos instrumentos, ajustados a las necesidades del sector, muchos de los cuales ya están disponibles.
En materia laboral, el fortalecimiento de acuerdos entre trabajadores y empresarios agrícolas, a través de una mesa de trabajo especialmente constituida, está produciendo una mayor estabilidad en las relaciones entre ambos agentes productivos. Destacamos, a la vez, los esfuerzos desplegados para incrementar la productividad de la fuerza laboral, mediante sistemas de capacitación y transferencia tecnológica, especialmente destinados a agricultores pequeños y medianos.
En otro orden de cosas, asegurar el crecimiento sostenido de nuestro sector exige continuar mejorando el acceso a los mercados internacionales. Es por ello que mantenemos, junto al Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, una activa participación en las negociaciones con países y bloques comerciales. De esta forma, no sólo estamos privilegiando esfuerzos destinados a la apertura de nuevos mercados, sino además buscamos diversificar nuestra canasta exportadora, conjuntamente con ampliar el número de empresas que comercializan en el exterior. En este proceso estamos también preocupados especialmente en fortalecer la participación de la agricultura de pequeña y mediana escala.
Translation - English The world today has also shown signs of becoming increasingly complex, compelling us to work tirelessly, both politically and economically, to keep up to date with the dynamic networks that interconnect within current international relations.
As a small territory lying in the southern hemisphere, far from the major global economic circuits, Chile has been building a society of growing social and political stability, gaining international recognition for the quality of its products and services abroad, and for the rigorous nature of our products and exports business sector.
Today, however, we are immersed in a particularly difficult global and competitive setting, which obliges us to modernize in order to cope with ever more demanding domestic and external markets; as a result, we continue to promote respect for the worker, environmental care, and preferences for particular qualities in food products, such as is required by the major worldwide markets, not only by consumers directly, but also by processing industries.
This goes hand in hand with rapid scientific and technological advances projected for the short and medium term, coupled with uncertainty and instability in the area of food pricing and energy. This poses new challenges and demands for our producers, exporters and agriculturally-related industries, if they are to maintain and improve their level of competitiveness, and their ability to add value to products.
Given this scenario, we are not only aware of the great task that lies ahead, but also of the enormous potential that our agriculture and forestry sector has in its continuous efforts to expand. This has brought about a strong commitment on behalf of the government in order to consolidate Chile's position as a recognized world leader in exports of safe and high-quality food.
This requires us to work together with the private sector, as well as a dedication to allow and facilitate producers and agricultural industries to cope with the prevailing changes and demands of domestic and international markets.
AGRICULTURAL POLICY APPROACHES
From the Ministry of Agriculture, we are promoting and applying an agricultural policy based on strategic guidelines that incorporate the aspects of concern mentioned above. These guidelines are: competitiveness, research and innovation, sustainability, market transparency, institutional modernization and inter-ministerial relations for the rural community.
Our fundamental commitment is to participate in the search for greater levels of competitiveness within our industry, so as not to abate the pace of development that has been set; this will bring us ever closer to the realization of Chile's potential in becoming a leading agricultural, food and forestry exporter. To achieve this goal, we are addressing all the areas which, either directly or indirectly, influence the development of Chilean agriculture.
Most importantly, we should emphasize the special efforts being made in the promotion of irrigation and drainage. Water is without doubt, not only one of agriculture's main inputs, but also one of our fundamental concerns, bearing in mind the increasing scarcity that is envisaged for our country according to climate change forecasts.
Furthermore, for a sector such as agriculture, which relies heavily on venture capital to enable it to face the productive process cycles, the access and creation of fresh avenues of funding for our farmers has led us to explore new instruments, adapted to the needs of the sector, many of which are already available.
In terms of labour issues, the strengthening of agreements between employees and agricultural entrepreneurs, through a specially constituted working group, is producing greater stability in the relations between both productive agents. At the same time there are intense efforts to increase the productivity of the workforce through training systems and technology transfer, especially for small and medium-sized farmers.
Moreover, continuous improvement of access to international markets is required to ensure the sustained growth of our sector. We are therefore maintaining, with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, an active interest in negotiations with other countries and trading blocs. Thus we are not only prioritizing efforts aimed at the opening up of new markets, but we are also seeking to diversify our exports basket, as well as expanding the number of companies trading abroad. As part of the same process we are also concerned with strengthening the participation of small and medium-scale agriculture.
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Master's degree - Portsmouth University
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Years of experience: 20. Registered at ProZ.com: Jan 2011.
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Hi, just a couple of things about me:
I’m a translator, editor and fluent Spanish speaker,born in the United Kingdom. For the last 20 years I’ve been living and working as a translator and teacher in Santiago de Chile. I have a Master's degree in Translation Studies from the University of Portsmouth, UK. I obtained my Bachelor of Arts in Language and Political Science from Kingston University, UK. I am a Full Member of the Chartered Institute of Linguists, UK. I haveseveral years’ experience translating from Spanish to English in sectors such asanthropology, archaeology, political and biological sciences. My main clients have been Chile’s Ministry of Agriculture, Pontificia Universidad Católica, and the Universidad de Chile, as well as FAO, Ministry General Secretariat of the Presidency and SERNATUR, Chile’s National Tourism Board.
My passion for each subject is both personal and the professional. I did my master's thesis on the Cultural Translation, specifically on the strategies used by ethnographers to represent and interpret cultures and how these strategies can contribute to the world of translation.
My services include translation, editing, proofreading, localization and transcription. I have helped several academicstohave their research published inhigh-impact impact journals from publishers such as Elsevier, Springer, Sage and Routledge.
As a professional, qualified and experienced translator I:
• Translate to British or American English as required.
• Remain faithful to the original text whilst writing a target text that stands alone and does not sound translated.
• Improve the language of the text to eliminate grammatical errors and make it more accurate and consistent in reading.
• When required, add comments and / or suggestions related to the content of the document.
• Format research work according to the specific style guide for the planned publication (as required).
• Use the latest CAT technologies and translation memory tools such as SDL Trados and MemoQ.
• Offer a personalised service aimed at the needs of each author, working in collaboration with them until the article or document is ready for submission.
If you have any questions, comments or suggestions, do not hesitate to contact me directly.
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